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Rise of the Continents » Season 1 » The Americas
00:58:49
Iain Stewart, Dean Ah Chee, Mike Archer
4
Plot summary
200 million years ago North and South America were carved from Pangaea, and pushed westwards as separate island continents. The episode explains how subduction has created the longest continual mountain range in the world - the Andes, and how 300 million years ago New York was at the heart of a huge mountain range.[1] Using llama as an example, Iain explains how most of South America's wildlife originated in North America, and only came south when the two island continents of North and South America joined three million years ago.
Nouns
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1)
kilobar
It's formed by pressures of four kilobar or more.
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2)
footstep
FOOTSTEPS CRUNCHING
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3)
tonn
40,000 tonn of silver came out of this mine -
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4)
haemoglobin
because the haemoglobin,
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5)
fertilisation
fertilisation could only occur externally, in water.
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6)
subduction
Subduction is the key to understanding
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7)
throes
But these were also the death throes of the supercontinent itself.
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8)
instalment
They're living evidence of the final instalment
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9)
chasm
The eruptions created chasm and rifts
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10)
amphibian
Amphibians were the first vertebrates to emerge onto land.
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11)
kilometre
that extends upward for 13 kilometre.
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12)
fella
..and these feisty fella scrap for the right to breed.
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13)
basalt
So this rock, which is a kind of basalt, started off as hot magma.
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14)
geologist
Geologists have found evidence of this humungous volcanic outpouring
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15)
uplift
is the gradual uplift and crumpling of this whole region.
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16)
vertebrate
Amphibians were the first vertebrate to emerge onto land.
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17)
flank
Meanwhile, on its western flank,
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18)
magma
The magma that erupted out is thought to have been brought up
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19)
bedrock
This dense bedrock is known as Manhattan schist.
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20)
blister
like a heat blister until it cracks and fractures,
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21)
llama
the llama's feet are split into two, they've got two toes.
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22)
eruption
The eruption created chasms and rifts
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23)
rift
The eruptions created chasms and rift
Verbs
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1)
fertilise
But because they fertilise externally,
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2)
percolate
that have been percolating through these rocks in this region
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3)
whoosh
HERDER WHOOSHES OK.
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4)
elongate
and are elongate, strung out in this direction here.
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5)
erupt
The magma that erupt out is thought to have been brought up
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6)
growl
ALLIGATOR GROWLS
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7)
flatten
..that are flatten in this direction
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8)
plunder
what the conquistadors plunder here
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9)
injure
Helping him treat his injure means I can get up close and personal
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10)
snag
it kind of gets snag and jarred.
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11)
uplift
Since it's been uplift, the lake has become surrounded by mountains
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12)
divert
When the Andes started to rise, they divert rivers to the north,
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13)
roam
to an animal whose ancestors roam the Americas
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14)
hamper
Until now, electric cars have been hamper
-
15)
invade
Northern mammals in particular invade the south.
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16)
sprinkle
Even the animals' blood is sacred. It's sprinkle around doorways
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17)
inherit
required an evolutionary innovation that would be inherit
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18)
nestle
nestle together in the heart of Pangaea.
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19)
ditch
until they just ditch their cargo, stuffing them into veins like this.
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20)
fracture
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge marks where Pangaea fracture,
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21)
evolve
The newly evolve reptiles did things differently.
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22)
squeeze
but if you were squeeze by four kilobars
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23)
owe
One ecosystem above all others owe its existence to the Andes,
Adverbs
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1)
inexorably
The New World driven inexorably away from the old.
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2)
magnificently
These animals are just magnificently adapted for life at altitude.
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3)
externally
fertilisation could only occur externally, in water.
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4)
ironically
ironically now long extinct in the north.
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5)
underneath
Where the crust is thin, you can see the brine underneath.
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6)
upright
more upright and you can have this really fast gait.
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7)
surprisingly
but surprisingly it's about the same size as an alligator egg.
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8)
gradually
these continental landmasses move gradually further apart.
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9)
differently
The newly evolved reptiles did things differently.
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10)
meanwhile
Meanwhile, on its western flanks,
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11)
essentially
The Pangaean deserts were essentially
-
12)
perfectly
'that perfectly equipped them for Pangaea's desert world...
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13)
regularly
but they're entering a world where tunnels regularly give way
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14)
apart
in places thousands of miles apart
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15)
carefully
Every step needs to be taken very carefully.
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16)
eventually
and those advances would lead eventually to the evolution of us.
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17)
relatively
even one like this in the relatively inaccessible Andes,
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18)
certainly
certainly in the style of copulation.
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19)
nearly
to a height of nearly 4,000 metres.
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20)
flat
These hexagons are the flat-top surfaces
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21)
finally
were finally joined again.
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22)
deep
Before any building goes up high, you've got to dig down deep.
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23)
almost
..that spread across almost all of what is today the Americas,
Adjectives
-
1)
crural
It's this - what we call the ankle joint, it's the crural-tarsal joint,
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2)
superheated
spewing superheated water.
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3)
impermeable
so by the time the eggs were laid, they had hard, impermeable shells.
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4)
cataclysmic
The evidence for this cataclysmic event is right under the nose
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5)
reptilian
with the ancient reptilian fossils.
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6)
fearsome
in an ancient animal with a fearsome reputation.
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7)
tarnished
but without its tarnished history.
-
8)
impenetrable
an impenetrable barrier to the amphibians.
-
9)
momentous
Since that momentous joining,
-
10)
intoxicating
with intoxicating coca leaves.
-
11)
unsuspecting
of unsuspecting commuters, driving in and out of New York every day.
-
12)
unregulated
and explosives are unregulated
-
13)
andean
Since Inca times, llamas have been at the heart of Andean life.
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14)
tectonic
to create two new tectonic plates.
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15)
mountainous
Few animals are better suited to the mountainous terrain of the Andes
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16)
potable
I don't, no. It says, "Alcohol potable" so drinkable alcohol.
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17)
bolivian
is revealed in the Bolivian town of Potosi.
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18)
molten
'A molten fluid that must have cooled rapidly.'
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19)
inaccessible
even one like this in the relatively inaccessible Andes,
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20)
extinct
ironically now long extinct in the north.
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21)
anatomical
because alligators share an anatomical connection
-
22)
turbulent
that shaped an equally turbulent human history.
-
23)
arid
But in the heart of this arid world, one type of animal did flourish.
